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South Africa

The Republic of South Africa is located on the southern tip of the African continent and has a population of around 47.4 million people.

It shares borders with Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Swaziland, Namibia and Botswana, as well as with Lesotho - an independent enclave surrounded by South African territory. It has its executive capital at Pretoria, its judicial capital at Bloemfontein and its legislative capital at Cape Town.

South Africa is a middle-income country and is ranked 57th in the world in terms of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. It has abundant resources and well-developed legal, communications, energy, transport and financial sectors. Its stock exchange, the JSE Securities Exchange, ranks among the top 20 in the world.

The country continues to suffer from the presence of dual economy and large income gaps, with the country's white population typically earning much more than the rest of the populace. It has one of the highest rates of income inequality in the world. Crime, corruption and HIV/AIDS are other problems that continue to blight the country.

Racial tensions between the country's white minority and black majority have long existed in South Africa, culminating in the implementation of apartheid in 1948 - a system of segregation that effectively discriminated against and limited the opportunities afforded to the country's black, Indian and mixed-race populations.

The laws of apartheid were abolished in 1990 and South African politics are now dominated by the predominantly black African National Congress (ANC).

South Africa has a sunny and generally warm climate. Winters are mild in the main. Snow falls on the mountain ranges of the Cape and Natal during the winter months, and some low-lying areas experience cold snaps during these periods.

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